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Diabetic Visceral Neuropathy

The visceral neuropathies or autonomic neuropathies cause various manifestations, depending on the area of the autonomic nervous system involved. These neuropathies may include the following symptoms.

• Sweating dysfunction, with an absence of sweating on the hands and feet and increased sweating on the face or trunk.

• Abnormal papillary function, most commonly seen as constricted pupils that dilate slowly in the dark.

• Cardiovascular dysfunction, resulting in such abnormalities as a fixed cardiac rate that does not change with exercise, postural hypotension, and a failure to increase cardiac output or vascular tone with exercise.

• Gastrointestinal dysfunction, with changes in upper gastrointestinal motility resulting in dysphagia, anorexia, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting and altered blood glucose control. Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes, possibly a result of hypomotility of the bowel. Diabetic diarrhea is not as common, but it does occur and is often associated with fecal incontinence during sleep due to a defect in internal sphincter function.

• Genitourinary dysfunction, resulting in changes in bladder function and sexual function. Bladder function changes include an inability to empty the bladder completely, loss of sensation of bladder fullness, and an increased risk of urinary tract infections. Sexual dysfunctions in men include ejaculatory changes and impotence. Sexual dysfunctions in women include changes in arousal patterns, vaginal lubrication and orgasm. Alterations in sexual function in people with diabetes are the result of both neurologic and vascular changes.